Libya

Libya lies on the southern edge of the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt and Sudan to the east, Algeria and Tunisia to the west, and Niger and Chad to the south. The country is about five times the size of Germany and is home to about 7.5 million people, including a significant number of migrants. Indeed, if Libya was an attractive migration destination under Gaddafi, recent regional instability has transformed it into a transit point towards Europe. It is also estimated that 135,000 people are currently internally displaced within Libya, a situation further worsened by the destruction caused by Storm Daniel in late 2023. The capital, Tripoli, is located on the Mediterranean coast in the west of the country. The second largest city, Benghazi, is located on Libya’s eastern Mediterranean coast.

Following over a decade of civil strife and political-administrative division, the country is a parliamentary republic in transition, headed by a collegial presidential council in which all three of Libya’s historic regions (Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica) are represented, headed by Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah. Despite the ongoing transition process, tribes and militias outside the greater Tripoli area play an important role. In January 2020 and again in June 2021, at the invitation of the German government in Berlin, key actors agreed to establish political and economic unity in Libya and a national reconciliation process, but this process reached its limits in the summer of 2022 when protests, some violent, erupted against the political process and deteriorating living conditions in the country. As of 2024, stakeholders are still exploring avenues for a lasting political solution, supervised by the UN.

Libya is just one of five Arab countries with which Germany has a foreign trade deficit. In 2022, German imports from Libya exceeded exports by about 3 billion euros, in fact, Germany is Libya’s third most important export partner, with 9% of the exports being sent to Germany. German imports consisted almost entirely of petroleum, while chemical products and machinery accounted for more than 56% of Libyan imports. The EU is the largest buyer of Libyan goods as of 2019.

The oil and gas industry dominates the Libyan economy; it produced 1.277 million barrels of oil per day in January 2025 and 394 billion cubic feet of natural gas in 2023. Libya has the ninth largest proven oil reserves in the world. Structural deficiencies, however, continue to impede sustainable growth. To diversify the economy, the renewable energy sector is being expanded, which is reflected institutionally in the establishment of the Libyan Council for Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy (LCOGRE) in late 2020. Attractive fields of investment exist in this area, as well as in water and wastewater technology to secure drinking water needs in the densely populated coastal regions and to protect against pollution of the sea and groundwater.